Clamps and methods for displacing fluid from portions of fluid containers

ABSTRACT

Clamps and methods are disclosed for clamping portions of fluid containers and displacing fluid from portions of fluid containers. In one embodiment, a clamp has a first jaw having a photopermeable main body portion and a second jaw. The first and second jaws are operatively associated so that at least one jaw, or both jaws, may be moved between clamped and released positions. The clamp is sized to receive a portion of a fluid container and displace fluid in the fluid container from a clamped region of the fluid container when the first and/or second jaw(s) are in the clamped position. The photopermeable main body portion(s) of the first and/or second jaw(s) allow some light to reach the clamped region of the fluid container during photoradiation to inactivate pathogens in the fluid. Various clamp embodiments and assemblies having lock members and interlocks are also disclosed herein.

BACKGROUND

Contamination of blood and blood components with infectiousmicroorganisms or pathogens creates a serious risk for patients whoreceive blood or blood components via blood transfusions. Infectiousmicroorganisms or pathogens, include, but are not limited to, viruses,bacteria, bacteriophages, fungi, blood transmitted parasites, andprotozoa. Examples of transfusable blood or blood components may includewhole blood, packed red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, andplasma, just to name a few. To combat the contamination problem, bloodand blood components can be decontaminated using pathogen inactivatingagents or photosensitizers which, when activated, inactivate pathogenswithin the blood or blood components without destroying the biologicalactivity of the blood or blood components.

Pathogen inactivation agents which may be useful for decontaminationinclude the class of photosensitizers known in the art to be useful forinactivating microorganisms. U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,337 discloses a methodand apparatus for inactivation of biological contaminants usingphotosensitizers and is also hereby incorporated by reference for allthat it discloses.

A “photosensitizer” may be defined as any compound which absorbsradiation of one or more defined wavelengths and subsequently transfersthe absorbed energy to an energy acceptor. Such photosensitizers may beactivated by the application of electromagnetic spectra (e.g. light orphotoradiation) to inactivate pathogens with which they may interact.Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,577 discloses a method and apparatusfor inactivation of biological contaminants using endogenous alloxazineor isoalloxazine photosensitizers and is hereby incorporated byreference for all that it discloses.

Decontaminating blood or blood components may be done by mixing aneffective amount of a photosensitizer with the fluid to bedecontaminated and then exposing the fluid to an amount ofphotoradiation at an appropriate wavelength sufficient to activate thephotosensitizer and allowing the activated photosensitizer to inactivateat least some of the pathogens contained within the fluid. Thewavelength of light used may depend on the photosensitizing agentselected. The light source(s) may provide light in the visible range,the ultraviolet range, or a mixture of light in both the visable andultraviolet ranges. U.S. Pat. No. 6,843,961 discloses the reduction ofcontaminants in blood and blood products using photosensitizers and peakwavelengths of light and is hereby incorporated by reference for allthat it discloses.

The fluid to be decontaminated may be flowed through an entry port intoa photopermeable bag or fluid container. The term “photopermeable” meansthat the material of the container is adequately transparent tophotoradiation of the proper wavelength for activating thephotosensitizer. The fluid containers may contain a number of portswhich provide access to the interior of the container. Such ports aretypically manufactured, at least in part, out of polymeric materials,which are usually more rigid than the main body portion of the fluidcontainer.

During pathogen inactivation, a portion of the fluid to be inactivatedmay become trapped or remain within one or more of these ports. Oneproblem with these ports is that they may be constructed from adifferent material, or of the same material having a differentthickness, than the main body portion of the fluid container, resultingin varying thicknesses for photopermeability. Another problem with theseports is that they may contain a larger volume of fluid than can beinactivated by a given exposure to the photoradiation. Consequently,fluids trapped within these port paths during pathogen inactivation maystill contain infectious pathogens after the inactivation process iscompleted. These infectious pathogens may then reenter the otherwisedecontaminated fluid, recontaminating the fluid.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of a clamp includes a first jaw and a second jaw. Thefirst jaw comprises a photopermeable main body portion. The second jawis operatively associated with the first jaw so that at least one of thefirst and second jaws can be moved between a clamped position and areleased position. The clamp is sized to receive a portion of a fluidcontainer. The clamp displaces fluid in the fluid container from aclamped region of the fluid container when the first and second jaws arein the clamped position. The photopermeable main body portion of thefirst jaw allows some wavelengths of light to reach the clamped regionof the fluid container.

Also disclosed is a method which includes: positioning a portion of afluid container containing a fluid adjacent to a photopermeable mainbody portion of a displacement device; using the displacement device toapply a displacing force to a portion of the fluid container to displacesome quantity of fluid from the portion of the fluid container; andilluminating at least the portion of the fluid container with light, thelight passing through the photopermeable main body portion of thedisplacement device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Illustrative and presently preferred embodiments of the invention areillustrated in the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a clamp havinglower and upper jaws in the released position;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the clamp of FIG. 1 having lower andupper jaws in the released position;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the clamp of FIG. 1 having lower andupper jaws in the clamped position;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view in elevation taken along the lines 4-4of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a side view in elevation of a first embodiment of a lockmember;

FIG. 6 is a plan view of a portion of a clamp positioned to clamp aportion of a fluid container;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view in elevation taken along the lines 7-7of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of a clamp havinglower and upper jaws in the released position;

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the clamp of FIG. 8 having lower andupper jaws in the clamped position;

FIG. 10 is a side view in elevation of a third embodiment of a clamp;

FIG. 11 is a plan view of a portion of the clamp of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 is a flow chart of a method of operating a clamp to clamp aportion of a fluid container;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment of a clamp havinglower and upper jaws in the released position;

FIG. 14 is a side view in elevation of a second embodiment of a lockmember; and

FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a method of displacing fluid from a portionof a fluid container.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A first embodiment of a clamp 100 is shown in FIG. 1 and may comprise alower jaw 102 and an upper jaw 104. The lower jaw 102 of clamp 100 maycomprise a photopermeable main body portion 106 and may be coupled tothe upper jaw 104. Lower and upper jaws 102, 104 may comprise a rigidmetallic material, such as aluminum, for example, and photopermeablemain body portion 106 may comprise a transparent material, such asquartz, for example. Additionally, clamp 100 may further comprise a lockmember 120 coupled to lower jaw 102. Lock member 120 may also comprise arigid metallic material, such as aluminum, for example.

In exemplary operation, the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 may beoperatively associated so that they may be moved between a releasedposition 103 (shown in FIGS. 1 & 2) and a clamped position 303 (shown inFIG. 3). If clamp 100 further comprises lock member 120, lock member 120may be operatively associated with the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 andmay be moved between an unlocked position 105 (shown in FIG. 1) and alocked position 305 (shown in FIG. 3). Lock member 120 may be operatedto move at least one of the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 toward clampedposition 303 (shown in FIG. 3) as lock member 120 is moved toward lockedposition 305 (shown in FIG. 3).

One exemplary use for clamp 100 is shown in FIGS. 6 & 7. Lower and/orupper jaw(s) 102, 104 of clamp 100 may be operated to clamp a portion604 of a fluid container 602 therebetween. Clamp 100 may be used toclamp portions of fluid containers, such as polymeric bags and othersimilar containers, such as those used for storing blood and bloodcomponents, for example. Clamp 100 may be operated to displace fluid 640from a clamped region 604 of the fluid container 602, when at least oneof the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 are in clamped position 303 (bestshown in FIG. 3). In another embodiment, clamp 100 may be operated toprevent fluid 640 from entering a clamped region (such as clamped region604).

In one exemplary use, clamp 100 may provide several important advantagesfor inactivating pathogens within a clamped portion 604 of a fluidcontainer 602, such as within a port path 608 of fluid container 602.Specifically, clamp 100 may displace some amount of fluid 640 fromclamped region 604 and create a minimized fluid depth 642 (best shown inFIG. 7) within the clamped region 604 sufficient to allow activation ofphotosensitizer molecules via photoradiation (i.e. inactivation ofpathogens) within clamped region 604 of fluid container 602. Creating aminimized fluid depth 642 within a clamped region 604 flattens theclamped region 604, leaving a thinner layer of fluid therein, so thatphotoradiation of the clamped region 604 can be done with a lower energyof light, increasing energy per unit of volume.

Having generally described one embodiment of clamp 100 and how it may beoperated to clamp a portion 604 of a fluid container 602, as well assome of its features and advantages, several different embodiments willnow be described in detail. The structural features of differentembodiments of clamps will first be described herein, followed byexemplary operation of those clamps.

The lower and upper jaws 102,104 may be constructed in a number ofdifferent ways and may comprise any number of different sizes andshapes, some of which will be described herein. Additionally, lower andupper jaws 102, 104 may or may not be comprised of similar materials,having similar sizes and shapes, but are shown in FIGS. 1-3 as similaronly for simplicity of illustration herein. Lower and upper jaws 102,104 will now be described in detail, respectively.

In one exemplary embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, lower jaw 102 maycomprise a rigid frame 116 having an opening therein. The opening withinframe 116 may be sized to receive a photopermeable main body portion106, which will be described in more detail below. Frame 116 of thelower jaw 102 may comprise any suitably rigid material, such as aluminumor steel, for example. Frame 116 of lower jaw 102 may have anapproximately rectangular shape, as shown in FIG. 1, and may have anelongated end portion (also shown as 116 in FIG. 1), which may be usedto couple lower jaw 102 to upper jaw 104, as will be described in moredetail below.

Lower jaw 102 may further comprise a slot 112, mounting tabs 150, 152,holes 154 & 156, 158 & 160, and a sensor 140, as shown in FIG. 1. Lowerjaw 102 may have a slot 112 sized for receiving a lock member 120, whichwill be described in more detail below. Lower jaw 102 may also comprisemounting tabs 150, 152 for coupling the lower jaw 102 with a worksurface (not shown). Additionally, lower jaw 102 may also comprise holes154 & 156, 158 & 160 to allow the lower jaw 102 to be secured to apredetermined location on a work surface. In one exemplary embodiment,as shown in FIGS. 1-3, the holes 154 & 156, 158 & 160 may be positionedwithin the mounting tabs 150, 152.

Lower jaw 102 may further comprise a sensor 140, which may comprise anyof a wide range of devices now known in the art or that may be developedin the future that are or will be suitable for use in this particularapplication. Consequently, the present invention should not be regardedas limited to any particular type of sensor 140. However, by way ofexample, in one embodiment, sensor 140 may comprise an electrical switchthat is closed when the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 are in the clampedposition 303 (shown in FIG. 3). In another exemplary embodiment, sensor140 may comprise any type of mechanical sensor-which senses when thelower and upper jaws 102, 104 are in the clamped position 303.

With reference now to upper jaw 104, upper jaw 104 may also comprise arigid frame 118 having an opening therein. The opening may be sized toreceive a photopermeable main body portion 108, which will be describedin more detail below. Frame 118 of the upper jaw 104 may comprise anysuitably rigid material, such as aluminum or steel, for example. Frame118 of upper jaw 104 may also have an approximately rectangular shape,as shown in FIGS. 1 & 3, and may or may not have a size and shapeapproximately equal to those of lower jaw 102.

Upper jaw 104 may also comprise an elongated end portion (also shown as118 in FIGS. 1 & 3). Elongated end portion 118 may further comprise anangular portion (also shown as 118, best shown in FIG. 1) which may beused to couple upper jaw 104 to lower jaw 102. Upper jaw 104 may alsocomprise a rigid pin 126 protruding from one of the sides of frame 118,as shown in FIG. 1. Pin 126 is positioned on upper jaw 104 for matingwith lock member 120, as will be described in further detail below.

Lower and upper jaws 102, 104 may both comprise openings sized toreceive rigid photopermeable main body portions 106, 108 therein. In oneembodiment, photopermeable main body portions 106, 108 may be suitablyrigid to clamp an object securely therebetween. The photopermeable mainbody portions 106, 108 may comprise any suitable photopermeable materialwhich is adequately transparent to a desired type of photoradiation,illumination, or light.

Exemplary photopermeable materials for use as photopermeable main bodyportions 106, 108 may include, but are not limited to, quartz, glass,polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyolefin, or any otherrigid transparent material. In one exemplary embodiment, ifphotoradiation at ultraviolet wavelengths is desired, it will beimportant that the photopermeable main body portions 106, 108 becomprised of a photopermeable material which is suitably transparent toultraviolet wavelengths of light.

In another exemplary embodiment, only one of the lower and upper jaws102, 104 may comprise a photopermeable body portion 106, 108. Forexample, in some instances, it may be desirable or necessary to onlyilluminate the object clamped between the lower and upper jaws 102, 104from one side (i.e. either through photopermeable main body portion 106or 108). In this exemplary embodiment, if illumination is desired ornecessary from only one side, then only one of the lower and upper jaws102, 104 may comprise a photopermeable main body portion 106 and/or 108.

Depending upon the use and design of lower and upper jaws 102, 104, thelower and upper jaws 102, 104 may optionally be constructed entirely ofthe photopermeable material itself. Alternatively, the photopermeablematerial may comprise only a smaller portion, such as a window area, ofthe lower and/or upper jaws 102, 104. In yet another embodiment, theframes 116, 118 of the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 may surround orenclose only a few sides (i.e. less than all sides) of thephotopermeable main body portions 106, 108.

With reference now to FIG. 4, photopermeable main body portions 106, 108are positioned within the frames 116, 118, such that each of thephotopermeable main body portions 106, 108 are flush within the frames116, 118 of the jaws 102, 104 along the clamping surfaces 402, 404,which are the surfaces which will clamp an object therebetween.Positioning the frames 116, 118 and the photopermeable main bodyportions 106, 108 flush together along one surface results in smoothuniform clamping surfaces 402, 404. Clamping surfaces 402, 404 securelyand uniformly clamp an object therebetween without undesirable gaps orpockets of air forming between clamping surfaces 402, 404 and an objectclamped therebetween (e.g. improving overall clamp operation).

As shown in FIG. 4, the frames 116, 118 and the photopermeable main bodyportions 106, 108 may have different depths or thicknesses, but arestill positioned to be flush together along at least one surface, suchas along clamping surfaces 402, 404. Specifically, photopermeable mainbody portion 106 is positioned within the frame 116 of the lower jaw102, such that the frame 116 and the photopermeable main body portion106 together form flush clamping surface 402, resulting in a smoothsurface for clamping an object. Similarly, photopermeable main bodyportion 108 is positioned within the frame 118 of the upper jaw 104,such that the frame 118 and the photopermeable main body portion 108together form flush clamping surface 404.

As shown in FIG. 1, clamp 100 may further comprise a lock member 120.Lock member 120 may be mounted to the lower or upper jaws 102, 104, andis shown in FIGS. 1 & 3, as being mounted to the lower jaw 102, forexample. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 & 2, lock member120 may be mounted to lower jaw 102 within slot 112 within the frame 116of lower jaw 102.

With reference now to FIG. 5, lock member 120 may generally comprise anelongated arm-shaped member 120 comprised of any suitable material, suchas aluminum or steel, for example. Lock member 120 may further comprisean end portion, such as handle 130, which may be easily grasped by auser or operator when operating lock member 120.

Lock member 120 may further comprise a slot 128 (shown in FIGS. 1 & 5)sized for receiving pin 126 on upper jaw 104, as will be described inmore detail below. Slot 128 may comprise a curved or arcuate slot havinga generally circular curvature, as shown in FIG. 5. Lock member 120 mayfurther comprise an opening 124 along axis 122 for coupling lock member120 with the frame 116 of the lower jaw 102. As shown in FIG. 5, opening124 (along axis 122) may be off-center in relationship to slot 128.Specifically, arcuate slot 128 may comprise a slot having a generallycircular curvature having a center of curvature which is displaced fromthe opening 124 (i.e. axis 122).

As shown in FIGS. 1-3, the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 may beoperatively associated so that at least one of the lower and upper jaws102, 104 may be moved between a clamped position 303 (shown in FIG. 3)and a released position 103 (shown in FIGS. 1 & 2). The lower and upperjaws 102, 104 may be operably associated in any number of ways, such asby mechanical coupling, for example, as will be known by those ofordinary skill in the art after having become familiar with theteachings provided herein.

In one exemplary embodiment, as best shown in FIG. 2, the lower andupper jaws 102, 104 may be coupled together along end portions of frames116, 118. The end portions of the frames 116, 118 may be pivotallycoupled together, such as along a pivot axis 202. The lower and upperjaws 102, 104 may be secured together along pivot axis 202 by a pin 204such that at least one of the jaws may be moved between a clampedposition 303 (FIG. 3) and a released position 103 (FIG. 1). The pivotalcoupling of lower and upper jaws 102, 104 along pivot axis 202 with pin204 is one means for coupling the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 suchthat at least one of the jaws 102, 104 may be moved between a clampedposition 303 (FIG. 3) and a released position 103 (FIGS. 1 & 2).

In one exemplary embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, lower jaw 102 mayremain stationary while upper jaw 104 may be drawn toward lower jaw 102and toward clamped position 303 (FIG. 3). Alternatively, upper jaw 104may remain stationary while lower jaw 102 may be drawn toward upper jaw104 and toward clamped position 303 (FIG. 3). In yet another embodiment,both the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 may be moveable with respect toone another and both jaws 102, 104 may be moved together toward clampedposition 303 (FIG. 3).

In an alternative embodiment, the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 maystill be operatively associated with one another, but one or both of thelower and upper jaws 102, 104 may be designed to be integral with aplaten or work surface (not shown). Clamp 100 is shown in FIG. 2 withoutlock member 120 for purposes of clearly illustrating an exemplaryembodiment of coupling the lower and upper jaws 102, 104, and clamp 100(of FIG. 2) may also comprise lock member 120, as shown in FIG. 1.

As shown in FIGS. 2 & 3, the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 may bepivotally coupled together along axis 202 such that the photopermeablemain body portions 106, 108 are aligned when the lower and upper jaws102, 104 are in the clamped position 303 (FIG. 3). Aligning thephotopermeable main body portions 106, 108 allows an object clampedtherebetween to be reached by some wavelengths of light from both aboveand below the clamp 100 via the photopermeable main body portions 106,108. Thus, the photopermeable main body portions 106, 108 are criticalfor allowing at least some wavelengths of light to reach the objectclamped therebetween, as will be described in more detail below.

With reference now to FIGS. 1 & 3, lock member 120 may be mounted tolower jaw 102 within slot 112 so that it may be moved in the directionindicated by arrow 132 between a locked position 305 (shown in FIG. 3)and an unlocked position 105 (shown in FIG. 1). Lock member 120 may bemounted to the lower jaw 102 such that it engages the upper jaw 104 asit is moved from the unlocked position 105 to the locked position 305.As shown in FIG. 1, for example, lock member 120 may be mounted to lowerjaw 102 within slot 112 within frame 116 of lower jaw 102. Lock member120 is one means for moving at least one of the lower and upper jaws102, 104 between a clamped position 303 (FIG. 3) and a released position103 (FIG. 1).

In one exemplary embodiment, lock member 120 may be pivotally mounted tolower jaw 102, such as along pivot axis 122, by inserting a pin or otherretaining mechanism into opening 124. In this embodiment, lock member120 may be mounted to lower jaw 102 for rotation about pivot axis 122 sothat it may be pivoted between an unlocked position 105 (FIG. 1) and alocked position 305 (FIG. 3) in the direction indicated by arrow 132.

In one exemplary embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 1 & 3, lock member 120may comprise a slot 128 which engages pin 126 on the upper jaw 104, aslock member 120 is pivoted (in the direction indicated by arrow 132)from the unlocked position 105 (FIG. 1) to the locked position 305 (FIG.3). In one embodiment, the engagement of pin 126 within slot 128 maycause lock member 120 to draw the upper jaw 104 toward the lower jaw 102and toward the clamped position 303 (FIG. 3) as the lock member 120 ispivoted toward the locked position 305 (FIG. 3) in the directionindicated by arrow 132.

In an alternative embodiment (shown best in FIGS. 8 & 9), the engagementof pin 126 within slot 128 may retain lock member 120 in the lockedposition 305 and may hold the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 in theclamped position 305 (FIG. 3). In one embodiment (shown best in FIG.14), the slot 128/1428 may have a crest 1429 therein to more securelyretain the lock member 120/1320 in the locked position. In anotheralternative embodiment (not shown), lock member 120 may be designed toopen at least one, or both, of the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 towardthe released position 103 (FIG. 1) as the lock member 120 is pivotedtoward the locked position 305 (FIG. 3).

As shown in FIG. 5, the slot 128 of lock member 120 may comprise anarcuate slot 128 curved so that the engagement of the pin 126 in thearcuate slot 128 slideably draws the upper jaw 104 closer to the lowerjaw 102 as the lock member 120 pivots toward the locked position 305(FIG. 3) in the direction indicated by arrow 132. Slot 128 may have agenerally circular curvature having a center of curvature that isdisplaced from the pivot axis 122, resulting in eccentric clampingbetween lower and upper jaws 102, 104.

An exemplary use of clamp 100 is shown in FIG. 6, wherein an exemplaryclamp assembly 600 may comprise a fluid container 602 having fluid 640therein, a lower jaw 102, and an upper jaw 104 (shown in FIG. 7). Asshown in FIG. 6, and described above, the lower jaw 102 may comprise aphotopermeable main body portion 106 and the upper jaw 104 may beoperatively associated with the lower jaw 102 so that at least one ofthe lower and/or upper jaw(s) 102, 104 may be moved together to clamp aportion 604 of a fluid container 602 therebetween.

The positioning of the photopermeable main body portions 106, 108 of theclamp 100 with respect to a portion of the fluid container to be clampedtherebetween (such as portion 604) is important for allowing somewavelengths of light to reach the clamped portion 604 of the fluidcontainer 602, as shown in FIG. 6. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6,fluid container 602 may be positioned on a platen or work surface 620and may be positioned at a predetermined location on the platen 620 byaligning pins 622, 624 on the platen 620 with holes 632, 634 provided inthe welded end portion 626 of fluid container 602. In one embodiment,alignment of the holes 632, 634 in the fluid container 602 with pins622, 624 on the work surface 620 may also align a predetermined portion(such as portion(s) 604 and/or 608) of the fluid container 602 with thephotopermeable main body portions 106, 108 of the clamp 100.

In one exemplary embodiment it may be desirable to clamp a predeterminedportion of fluid container 602, such as inlet port path 608, such thatthe inlet port path 608 is aligned within the photopermeable main bodyportions 106, 108. In this embodiment, alignment of the fluid container602 on work surface 620 may also align the inlet port path 608 of thefluid container 602 with the photopermeable main body portions 106, 108of clamp 100. In one exemplary embodiment, fluid container 602 may becarefully aligned with clamp 100 to clamp only a minimal portion of thefluid container 602, such as only the inlet port path 608, to avoidover-exposing the remainder of the clamped portion 604 of the fluidcontainer 602 to photoradiation (which may destroy biological activityof the fluid 640).

Fluid containers commonly comprise multiple port paths 608, 612, 614 foraccessing the interior of the fluid container 602. As shown in FIG. 6,for example, fluid container 602 may comprise one inlet port path 608and two outlet port paths 612, 614. Sometimes stagnant fluid containedwithin these port paths 608, 612, 614 may pose several problems duringpathogen inactivation. First, the stagnant fluid may not be adequatelymixed with photosensitizer for pathogen inactivation to occur. Second,the stagnant fluid within the port paths 608, 612, 614 may be of a depthand/or volume which is too great for sufficient photoradiation (i.e.pathogen inactivation) to occur. Consequently, fluid trapped withinthese port paths 608, 612, 614 may still contain pathogens after theinactivation process is completed, and these pathogens may then reenterthe otherwise inactivated fluid 640 reinfecting the fluid 640 and posinghealth risks.

Typically, inlet port path 608 may be used for adding blood and/or otherfluids, such as photosensitizing agents, to fluid container 602, whileoutlet port paths 612, 614 may be used for removing fluids from fluidcontainer 602. After fluids 640 are added to fluid container 602, inletport path 608 may be sealed off at end portion 630, such as by heatwelding, for example, resulting in welded end portion 630. It is knownin the art to seal off the inlet ports and/or outlet ports of fluidcontainers during use, such as is done by using electromagnetic or radiofrequency (RF) energy as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,685,875 toHlavinka, which is herein incorporated by reference for all that itdiscloses. Various sorts of electromagnetic energies may be applied tocreate such seals, however, the choice of materials used in the inletports and/or outlet ports 608, 612, 614 is related to the chosen sealingmethod.

The outlet port paths 612, 614 may be used by an end-user of fluidcontainer 602 wishing to remove the fluid 640 from the fluid container602. The user may remove fluid 640 by breaking off break-away endportions 616, 618, commonly known as frangibles 616, 618, to allow fluid640 to flow out (e.g. usually with gravity assistance) of the outletport paths 612, 614. In an embodiment having frangibles 616, 618covering the outlet port paths 612, 614, stagnant fluid within theoutlet port paths 612, 614 may not be a problem during pathogeninactivation because the frangibles 616, 618 may cover the outlet portpaths 612, 614 to prevent this problem.

However, in other embodiments, such as where frangibles 616, 618 areabsent, positioned outside the edge of the fluid container 602, or areflexibly crushable (i.e. deformable), it may be desirable to clamp theoutlet port paths 612, 614 as well as the inlet port path 608. Thus,clamp 100 may be similarly used to clamp outlet port paths 612, 614 aswell as inlet port path 608. In yet another embodiment, clamp 100 may belarger and may be positioned to clamp all of the port paths 608, 612,614 of a fluid container 602. In yet another embodiment, clamp 100 maybe used to clamp an entirely different portion of a fluid container 602,such as a portion or area of fluid container 602 which does not containany port paths, for example.

With reference now to FIGS. 6 & 7, as the lower and upper jaws 102, 104are clamped together, the clamped region 604 will be crushed. FIG. 7illustrates the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 just before they crush anddeform the clamped region 604. Thus, FIG. 7 does not show clamped region604 as being deformed, but as the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 arefurther clamped together, the clamped region 604 would be crushed andwould be deformed (not shown for simplicity of illustration).

With continuing reference to FIGS. 6 & 7, as the lower and upper jaws102, 104 are clamped together, fluid 640 within inlet port path 608 willbe forced out into the unclamped region 606 of the fluid container 602,in the direction indicated by arrows 610 (shown in FIG. 7). Any fluid640 remaining within the inlet port path 608 may be minimal enough indepth 642 to be effectively photoradiated to activate photosensitizermolecules within inlet port path 608 (i.e. to inactivate pathogenswithin the inlet port path 608). When clamp 100 crushes and deformsinlet port path 608 it may also flatten the inlet port path 608,resulting in a more uniform and/or flat surface having a thinner layerof fluid 640 therein for photoradiation, which may increase energy peruntil volume during photoradiation, increasing ability to activatephotosensitizer molecules therein (i.e. increasing pathogen inactivationsuccess). In yet another embodiment, clamp 100 may be operated toprevent fluid 640 from entering clamped region 604 (in the oppositedirection of arrows 610).

The portion of clamp 100 illustrated in FIG. 6 is shown without a lockmember 120, pivot axis and/or pin 202/204, or mounting tabs 150, 152 forsimplicity of illustration herein, but clamp 100 may also comprise thelock member 120, pivot axis and/or pin 202/204, and mounting tabs 150,152, as previously described above. Additionally, in some exemplaryembodiments, the entire fluid container 602 may be pressed between twoadditional surfaces (not shown) during a pathogen inactivation process;however this is also not illustrated in FIG. 6 for simplicity ofillustration.

In one exemplary embodiment a method 1200 for operating a clamp isdisclosed and shown in FIG. 12. The clamp operation 1200 begins bypositioning 1202 a portion 604 of a fluid container 602, having a fluid640 therein, between a lower jaw 102 comprising a photopermeable mainbody portion 106 and an upper jaw 104. As described above, ifphotoradiation from both above and below clamp 100 is desirable, thenboth the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 may comprise the photopermeablemain body portions 106, 108 and these portions may be aligned toposition the clamped region 604 therebetween. Alternatively, ifphotoradiation from only one side of clamp 100 is desired, then only oneof the jaws 102, 104 needs to have a photopermeable main body portion106 or 108.

After positioning 1202 the fluid container 602, at least one of thelower and/or upper jaw(s) 102, 104 are moved 1204 together to displacefluid 640 from a clamped region 604 of the fluid container 602. In oneexemplary embodiment, the clamped region 604 of fluid container 602 maycomprise an inlet port path 608 and an unclamped region 606 of the fluidcontainer 602 may comprise the main body portion 606 of the fluidcontainer 602. In this arrangement, clamping the inlet port path 608will squeeze some amount of fluid 640 out of the inlet port path 608 andinto the unclamped portion 606 of the fluid container 602, in thedirection indicated by arrows 610 (shown in FIG. 7).

After moving the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 together, at least theclamped region 604 of the fluid container 602 is illuminated 1206 withlight. In one exemplary embodiment, the entire fluid container 602 maybe illuminated and illumination may comprise photoradiating the fluidcontainer 602 to activate a photosensitizing agent to inactivatepathogens. In this exemplary embodiment, the light or photoradiation maypass through the photopermeable main body portion 108 of the upper jaw104 to photoradiate the inlet port path 608 within the clamped region604 of the fluid container 602.

The specific wavelength of light used during photoradiation may dependon the specific photosensitizing agent selected, as will be known bythose of ordinary skill in the art after having become familiar with theteachings herein. The light or photoradiation may be provided by a lightsource (not shown), which may provide light having wavelengths in thevisible range, the ultraviolet range, or a mixture of light in both thevisable and ultraviolet ranges. In one exemplary embodiment, ultravioletwavelengths of light may be used, more specifically; UVB wavelengths oflight may be used. In some embodiments, wavelengths of light ofapproximately 450 nm may be used for photoradiating platelets or plasma,for example.

In another exemplary embodiment a method 1500 for displacing fluid froma portion of a fluid container is disclosed and shown in FIG. 15. Themethod 1500 of displacing fluid begins by positioning 1502 a portion ofa fluid container containing a fluid adjacent to a photopermeable mainbody portion of a displacement device. The displacement device maygenerally comprise a clamp 100 or may comprise a device such as aflexible or pressure-driven device, such as air-filled bags havingphotopermeable main body portions therein. In one embodiment a clamp 100may be operated according to method 1500 using pneumatic pressure tooperate clamping jaws 102, 104, for example. In another embodiment, onlyone of the clamping jaws 102, 104 may be operated via pneumatic pressureand the other jaw 102, 104 may remain stationary.

After positioning 1502 a portion of a fluid container, the displacementdevice may be used 1504 to apply a displacing force to a portion of thefluid container to displace some quantity of fluid from the portion ofthe fluid container. After displacing some quantity of fluid from theportion of the fluid container, the portion of the fluid container maybe illuminated 1506 with light. The light passing through thephotopermeable main body portion of the displacement device toilluminate 1506 at least the portion of the fluid container.

Another exemplary embodiment of a clamp 800 is shown in FIGS. 8 & 9.Clamp 800 may comprise lower and upper jaws 802, 804 havingphotopermeable main body portions 806, 808 sized to be received byframes 816, 818, as described above. FIGS. 8 & 9 have numberingcorresponding to FIGS. 1-3, previously described above.

Lower jaw 802 may have an approximately square shape while upper jaw 804may have an approximately trapezoidal shape. As will be known by thoseof ordinary skill in the art after having become familiar with theteachings herein, any number of geometric shapes may be used toconstruct the lower and upper jaws 802, 804. As shown in FIGS. 8 & 9,the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 may have different sizes and shapes,but the photopermeable main body portions 106, 108 may still be alignedin the clamped position 903 to clamp an object or portion of an objecttherebetween such that the object may be photoradiated while beingclamped.

Clamp 800 may further comprise a lock member 820 coupled to upper jaw804. Lock member 820 may comprise a rigid elongated arm-shaped memberhaving a slot 828 on one end. Lock member 820 may comprise any suitablyrigid material, such as aluminum or steel, for example. Slot 828 may becut into one end of lock member 820 such that lock member 820 forms ahooked-portion on one end. The opposite end of lock member 820 maycomprise an elongated portion which may be easily grasped and moved by auser. Clamp 800 may further comprise a sensor 840, mounting tabs 850,852, and alignment holes 854 & 856, 858 & 860, similar to thosedescribed above with respect to FIGS. 1-3.

In one embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 8 & 9, for example, lower and upperjaws 802, 804 may be operatively associated such that at least one ofthe lower and/or upper jaw(s) 102, 104 may be moved between a clampedposition 903 (FIG. 9) and a released position 803 (FIG. 8). Lower andupper jaws 802, 804 may be pivotally coupled along a pivot axis (notshown in FIGS. 8 & 9) such that the lower and upper jaws 802, 804 may berotated between the clamped position 903 (FIG. 9) and the releasedposition 803 (FIG. 8), as described above with respect to FIGS. 1-3.

As shown in FIGS. 8 & 9, the lock member 820 may be mounted to the upperjaw 804 so that the lock member 820 can be moved between a lockedposition 905 (FIG. 9) and an unlocked position 805 (FIG. 8). Lock member820 may be pivotally mounted to upper jaw 804 along pivot axis 822 andcoupled to upper jaw 804 via any suitable means, such as by hinge-pin824. The slot 828 of the lock member 820 may be sized to engage a rod orpin 828 on the lower jaw 802 as the lock member 820 is moved from theunlocked position 805 (FIG. 8) to the locked position 905 (FIG. 9). Lockmember 820 secures the lower and upper jaws 802, 804 together in theclamped position 903 (FIG. 9). Lock member 820 may comprise one meansfor moving at least one of the lower and/or upper jaw(s) 802, 804between a clamped position 903 and a released position 803.

Yet another embodiment is shown and described with reference to FIGS. 13& 14. Clamp 1300 may comprise lower and upper jaws 1302, 1304 havingphotopermeable main body portions 1306, 1308 sized to be received byframes 1316, 1318, as describe above. FIGS. 13 & 14 have numberingcorresponding to FIGS. 1-3 and FIGS. 8 & 9, all previously described indetail above.

As illustrated in FIGS. 13 and 14, a clamp 1300 may be provided with aninterlock system (shown generally as 1300) to prevent the lock member1320 from remaining in the locked position (905 shown in FIG. 9) unlessa fluid container 602 is present and properly positioned between thejaws 1302, 1304 of clamp 1300. In one embodiment, interlock system 1300may comprise a small rib or crest 1429 (best shown in FIG. 14) formed inthe slot 1428 of lock member 1320. The rib or crest 1429 is sized andpositioned within slot 1428 of lock member 1320 so as to engage a pin1326, provided on lower jaw 1302, when lock member 1320 is in the lockedposition (905 shown in FIG. 9).

Interlock system (generally 1300) may also comprise a biasing device orspring 1370 operatively associated with lock member 1320 for biasinglock member 1320 to the unlocked position 1305 (shown in FIG. 13). If afluid container 602 is absent or not properly positioned between thejaws 1302, 1304 of clamp 1300, the spring 1370 will return lock member1320 to the unlocked position 1305. Accordingly, interlock system 1300may provide a more positive indication to a user that the fluidcontainer 602 is absent or not properly positioned between the jaws1302, 1304 of clamp 1300.

More specifically, if the fluid container 602 is absent or not properlypositioned between the jaws 1302, 1304 of clamp 1300, no opposing force(or an insufficient opposing force) will be provided to the jaws 1302,1304 of clamp 1300 when the lock member 1320 is in the locked position(905 shown in FIG. 9). Thus, the engagement of pin 1326 (on jaw 1302)with the crest 1429 formed in the slot 1428 in the lock member 1320 willbe such that the pin 1326 will not provide sufficient opposing force onthe crest 1429 to prevent the spring 1370 from returning the lock member1320 to the unlocked position 1305. That is, in order for lock member1320 to be returned to the unlocked position 1305, the crest 1429 formedin slot 1428 of lock member 1320 will exert a force on pin 1326 thatwill urge at least one of the jaw(s) 1302, 1304 of clamp 1300 together.Thus, if the fluid container 602 is absent or not properly positionedbetween the jaws 1302, 1304, no opposing force, or an insufficientopposing force, will be provided on the jaws 1302, 1304, therebyallowing the spring 1370 to return lock member 1320 to the unlockedposition 1305.

However, if a fluid container 602 is properly positioned between jaws1302, 1304 of clamp 1300, the compliant material of the fluid container602 will oppose the further closing of the jaws 1302, 1304,-therebypreventing pin 1326 from-being moved to the degree necessary to clearthe crest 1429 of the slot 1428 and preventing spring 1370 fromreturning lock member 1320 to the unlocked position 1305. Stated anotherway, if the fluid container 602 is properly positioned between the jaws1302, 1304 of clamp 1300, the spring 1370 will not be able to overcomethe cooperative engagement of the pin 1326 and the crest 1429 and lockmember 1320 will remain in the locked position (905 shown in FIG. 9).

The interlock system (generally 1300) may be provided with additionalcomponents if necessary or desired to enhance operation. For example, inone embodiment, interlock system (generally 1300) may also comprise abiasing device or spring 1372, operatively associated with the jaws1302, 1304 of clamp 1300. The spring 1372 may be arranged to bias thejaws 1302, 1304 of clamp 1300 to the unclamped position 1303. Thus, inan operational situation wherein the interlock system 1300 causes lockmember 1320 to be returned to the unlocked position 1305, the spring1372 will cause the jaws 1302, 1304 to move to the unclamped position1303.

The unclamping 1303 of jaws 1302, 1304 of clamp 1300 may provide anadditional indication to a user that the fluid container 602 is absentor not properly positioned between jaws 1302, 1304 of clamp 1300. Ifsuch a biasing device or spring 1372 is provided to bias the jaws 1302,1304 to the unclamped position 1303, the biasing force should not be sogreat as to prevent the spring 1372 from returning the lock member 1320to the unlocked position 1305 if the fluid container 602 is absent ornot properly positioned between the jaws 1302, 1304 of clamp 1300, inthe manner already described.

Yet another embodiment is shown and described with regard to FIGS. 10 &11. Clamp 1000 may comprise lower and upper jaws 102, 104 having frames116, 118, which may have photopermeable main body portions 102, 104therein (not shown), as previously described above. Clamp 1000 mayfurther comprise a lock member 1002. Lock member 1002 may generallycomprise a rigid rectangular or buckle-shaped mechanism. Lock member1002 may comprise any suitably rigid material, such as aluminum orsteel, and may even comprise a rigid photopermeable material, asdescribed above.

Clamp 1000 may further comprise ramps 1020, 1024 mounted to the sides ofthe lower and upper jaws 102, 104. The ramps 1020, 1024 may comprise anyrigid material, such as aluminum or steel, and may even comprise a rigidphotopermeable material, as described above. The ramps 1020, 1024 mayprovide a slideable means for operating the lock member 1002, to movethe lower and upper jaws 102, 104 between a clamped position and areleased position 1010.

The lower and upper jaws 102, 104 may be operatively associated with oneanother so that they may be moved between a clamped position and areleased position 1010 (shown in FIG. 10). The lower and upper jaws 102,104 may be moveable via the lock member 1002. Lock member 1002 may beoperated to slideably draw the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 together asthe lock member 1002 proceeds up the ramps 1020, 1024 and toward thelocked position. Lock member 1002 is shown in FIG. 10 in the unlockedposition 1005 with the lower and upper jaws 102, 104 in the unclamped1010 position. However, as lock member 1002 slides up the ramps 1020,1024 and toward the locked position, the lower and upper jaws 102, 104may be slideably drawn together, clamping an object therebetween.

It should be understood that various changes and modifications to thepresently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the art after having become familiar with theteachings provided herein. It is foreseeable that the shape and size ofthe clamps and displacement devices, as well as the number of clamps anddisplacement devices used on one fluid container, and the positioning ofthe clamps and displacement devices on the fluid container may bevaried. It is also foreseeable that the clamps and displacement devicesmay be manufactured out of a plurality of different materials having aplurality of different thicknesses, including different photopermeablematerials.

Additionally, different applications and intended uses for the clampsand displacement devices disclosed herein are also contemplated. Theseexamples are not meant to be limiting, but rather are exemplary of themodifications that can be made without departing from the spirit andscope of the present invention and without diminishing its attendantadvantages.

1. A clamp, comprising: a first jaw comprising a photopermeable mainbody portion; and a second jaw operatively associated with the first jawso that at least one of the first and second jaws can be moved between aclamped position and a released position, the clamp being sized toreceive a portion of a fluid container, the clamp displacing fluid inthe fluid container from a clamped region of the fluid container whenthe first and second jaws are in the clamped position, thephotopermeable main body portion of the first jaw allowing somewavelengths of light to reach the clamped region of the fluid container.2. The clamp of claim 1, wherein the second jaw comprises aphotopermeable main body portion.
 3. The clamp of claim 2, wherein thephotopermeable main body portions of the first and second jaws comprisequartz.
 4. The clamp of claim 1, further comprising a lock membermounted to the second jaw so that the lock member can be moved between alocked position and an unlocked position, the lock member engaging thefirst jaw and holding the first and second jaws in the clamped positionwhen the lock member is in the locked position.
 5. The clamp of claim 4,further comprising an interlock operatively associated with the lockmember, the interlock preventing the lock member from remaining in thelocked position unless the fluid container is positioned between thefirst and second jaws.
 6. The clamp of claim 5, wherein the interlockfurther comprises a spring, the spring biasing the lock member towardthe unlocked position when the fluid container is not positioned betweenthe first and second jaws.
 7. The clamp of claim 6, wherein the lockmember defines a slot having a crest therein and wherein the first jawcomprises a pin sized to be received by the slot in the lock member, theslot in the lock member engaging the pin on the first jaw as the lockmember is moved toward the locked position, and wherein the crest in theslot retains the lock member in the locked position when the fluidcontainer is positioned between the first and second jaws.
 8. The clampof claim 1, wherein the first and second jaws are pivotally connectedtogether along a pivot axis.
 9. The clamp of claim 8, further comprisinga lock member mounted to the first jaw so that the lock member can bemoved between a locked position and an unlocked position, the lockmember engaging the second jaw as the lock member is moved from theunlocked position to the locked position, the lock member drawing thefirst and second jaws together toward the clamped position as the lockmember is moved toward the locked position.
 10. The clamp of claim 8,further comprising a lock member mounted to the first jaw so that thelock member can be moved between a locked position and an unlockedposition, the lock member engaging the second jaw as the lock member ismoved from the unlocked position to the locked position, the lock memberdrawing the second jaw toward the first jaw as the lock member is movedtoward the locked position.
 11. The clamp of claim 10, wherein the lockmember defines a slot therein and wherein the second jaw comprises a pinsized to be received by the slot in the lock member, the slot in thelock member engaging the pin on the second jaw as the lock member ismoved toward the locked position.
 12. The clamp of claim 8, furthercomprising a lock member having a slot therein, wherein the lock memberis mounted for rotation about a pivot axis so that the lock member canbe pivoted between a locked position and an unlocked position, the slotin the lock member engaging a pin on the second jaw as the lock memberis pivoted from the unlocked position to the locked position, the lockmember drawing the second jaw toward the first jaw and toward theclamped position as the lock member is pivoted toward the lockedposition.
 13. The clamp of claim 12, wherein the slot comprises anarcuate slot curved so that the engagement of the pin in the arcuateslot draws the second jaw closer to the first jaw as the lock memberpivots toward the locked position; wherein the arcuate slot has agenerally circular curvature having a center of curvature that isdisplaced from the pivot axis.
 14. The clamp of claim 1, wherein thefirst jaw comprises a frame, the frame sized to receive thephotopermeable main body portion.
 15. The clamp of claim 1, furthercomprising a sensor for sensing when at least one of the first andsecond jaws are in the clamped position.
 16. A clamp, comprising: afirst jaw, the first jaw comprising: a frame, the frame of the first jawdefining an opening therein; and a photopermeable main body portionsized to be received by the opening defined by the frame of the firstjaw; a second jaw, the second jaw comprising: a frame, the frame of thesecond jaw defining an opening therein; and a photopermeable main bodyportion sized to be received by the opening defined by the frame of thesecond jaw; the frames of the first and second jaws being pivotallyconnected together so that at least one of the first and second jaws canbe pivoted about a pivot axis between a clamped position and a releasedposition; and a lock member operatively associated with the frames ofthe first and second jaws so that the lock member can be moved betweenan unlocked position and a locked position, the lock member engaging thefirst jaw as the lock member is moved from the unlocked position to thelocked position, the lock member drawing the first jaw toward the secondjaw and toward the clamped position as the lock member is moved towardthe locked position.
 17. The clamp of claim 16, further comprising aninterlock operatively associated with the lock member, the interlockallowing the lock member to remain in the locked position and retainingthe first and second jaws in the clamped position when a fluid containeris positioned between the first and second jaws.
 18. The clamp of claim16, wherein the photopermeable main body portions of the first andsecond jaws comprise quartz.
 19. The clamp of claim 16, wherein the lockmember defines a slot therein and wherein the first jaw comprises a pinsized to be received by the slot in the lock member, the slot engagingthe pin on the first jaw as the lock member is pivoted toward the lockedposition.
 20. The clamp of claim 19, wherein the slot further comprisesan arcuate slot curved so that the engagement of the pin in the arcuateslot draws the first jaw closer to the second jaw as the lock memberpivots toward the locked position; wherein the arcuate slot has agenerally circular curvature having a center of curvature that isdisplaced from a pivot axis.
 21. The clamp of claim 16, furthercomprising a sensor for sensing when at least one of the first andsecond jaws are in the clamped position.
 22. A clamp, comprising: afirst jaw having a photopermeable main body portion; a second jaw; and ameans for moving at least one of the first and second jaws between aclamped position and a released position, wherein the means isoperatively associated with at least one of the first and second jaws,the first and second jaws applying a clamping force to a portion of anobject positioned between the first and second jaws when the first andsecond jaws are in the clamped position, the photopermeable main bodyportion of the first jaw allowing some wavelengths of light to reach theobject positioned between the first and second jaws when the first andsecond jaws are in the clamped position.
 23. A clamp assembly,comprising: a fluid container containing a fluid; a first jaw having aphotopermeable main body portion; and a second jaw operativelyassociated with the first jaw so that at least one of the first andsecond jaws can be moved between a clamped position and a releasedposition, a portion of the fluid container being positioned between thefirst and second jaws, at least one of the first and second jawsapplying a clamping force to the portion of the fluid container todisplace fluid from a clamped region of the fluid container, thephotopermeable main body portion of the first jaw allowing some light toreach the clamped region of the fluid container.
 24. The clamp assemblyof claim 23, wherein the fluid container comprises a main body portionand an inlet port path for flowing fluid into the fluid container;wherein the inlet port path is positioned between the first and secondjaws such that at least one of the first and second jaws applies aclamping force to the inlet port path to displace some fluid from theinlet port path to the main body portion of the fluid container.
 25. Theclamp assembly of claim 23, further comprising a lock member operativelyassociated with the first and second jaws so that the lock member can bemoved between an unlocked position and a locked position, the lockmember engaging the first jaw as the lock member is moved from theunlocked position to the locked position, the lock member drawing thefirst jaw toward the second jaw and toward the clamped position as thelock member is moved toward the locked position.
 26. A method,comprising: positioning a portion of a fluid container containing afluid between a first jaw comprising a photopermeable main body portionand a second jaw; moving at least one of the first and second jawstogether to displace fluid from a clamped region of the fluid container;and illuminating at least the clamped region of the fluid container withlight, the light passing through the photopermeable main body portion ofthe first jaw to reach the clamped region of the fluid container. 27.The method of claim 26, wherein positioning the portion of the fluidcontainer between the first jaw and the second jaw comprises positioninga port path of the fluid container between the first jaw and the secondjaw.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein illuminating at least theclamped region of the fluid container comprises illuminating withultraviolet light.
 29. The method of claim 26, wherein moving at leastone of the first and second jaws together further comprises moving alock member, operatively associated with the first and second jaws, todraw the first jaw toward the second jaw.
 30. A method, comprising:positioning a portion of a fluid container containing a fluid adjacentto a photopermeable main body portion of a displacement device; usingthe displacement device to apply a displacing force to a portion of thefluid container to displace some quantity of fluid from the portion ofthe fluid container; and illuminating at least the portion of the fluidcontainer with light, the light passing through the photopermeable mainbody portion of the displacement device.